Bitcoin income tax
Mining rewards, staking income, and crypto payments are all taxed as ordinary income by the IRS. Learn exactly when bitcoin counts as income (not capital gains) and how much you'll potentially owe.
For capital gains taxes and more, see our main US Bitcoin Tax Guide.
Why bitcoin income tax catches earners off-guard
Most bitcoin holders know about capital gains tax. But there's another tax that catches thousands of crypto earners off-guard every year - and it's due immediately, not when you sell.
The IRS taxes bitcoin as income the moment you receive it from mining, staking, or payments - even if you never sell a single satoshi.
The reality of bitcoin income:
Immediate tax liability: You owe taxes the day you receive bitcoin income
Quarterly payment requirements: Miss these and face penalties
New IRS reporting: Form 1099-DA makes crypto income near-impossible to hide
Double taxation: Pay income tax now, capital gains later when you sell
When bitcoin is classified as ordinary income
If you acquire bitcoin without purchasing it, you likely owe income tax on it. The IRS treats these transactions as ordinary income based on fair market value in USD at the time of receipt.
Mining rewards
The IRS clarified in Revenue Ruling 2023-14 that mining rewards are taxable upon receipt. You owe taxes on the USD value when the bitcoin hits your wallet. Revenue Ruling 2023-14
Tax rate: Your regular income bracket (10-37%)
Timing: Due when the coins enter your wallet
Tax owed: Based on fair market value at time of receipt
Staking and validation rewards
The IRS has ruled that staking rewards must be included in gross income for the taxable year in which the taxpayer acquires dominion and control (Rev. Rul. 2023-14). Rev. Rul. 2023-14
Includes: Staking rewards, DeFi yields, liquidity pool rewards
Locked staking: Not taxed until unlocked and accessible
Taxable moment: When you can withdraw or transfer
Payment for goods & services
Getting paid in bitcoin doesn't avoid income tax; it's treated identically to receiving cash.
Freelance work: Full amount is ordinary income
Employee wages: Subject to withholding like regular pay
Business revenue: Counts as business income at fair market value
Interest from lending platforms
Earning a yield on your bitcoin? Every payout is taxable as income.
BlockFi/Celsius-style interest: Taxed as ordinary income
DeFi lending rewards: Each distribution is taxable
Compounding interest: Taxed even if automatically reinvested
How bitcoin income gets taxed
Unlike capital gains that offer preferential rates, bitcoin income hits you at your highest tax bracket. Here's exactly how the IRS calculates what you owe.
The tax bill breakdown
Rate: Ordinary income tax rates, which can reach up to 37%
Value: USD price at exact moment of receipt
Quarterly payments: Required if you expect to owe $1,000+
Due dates: April 15, June 15, Sept 15, Jan 15
What you must track
Date and time of receipt
Fair market value in USD
Transaction type (mining, staking, payment)
Exchange rate source used
Pro tip: Set aside 30-40% of all bitcoin income immediately for taxes.
Self-employment tax for bitcoin miners
Running your own mining rig? You're probably facing more than just income tax.
When mining becomes a business
The IRS typically classifies crypto mining as a business activity, which can trigger self-employment tax.
12.4% Social Security
2.9% Medicare
15.3% Total self-employment tax rate
Calculated based on net profit after expenses
Due quarterly along with income tax
Deductible mining expenses
Business expenses associated with running your miner(s) will reduce both income and self-employment tax.
Equipment costs: ASICs, GPUs, cooling systems
Electricity: The mining-only portion of your bill
Internet & hosting: Dedicated connections and colocation
Home office: Percentage of space used for mining
Mining pool fees: Direct costs of pool participation
It's prudent to convert ~30% of mining income to USD on a regular basis just for federal taxes. Add state taxes and you might need 40-45% set aside. It might seem like a lot, but it's better than getting a big tax bill + penalties and having to potentially liquidate at an inopportune time.
Bottom line: be proactive with your bitcoin income tax obligations!
File your self-employment tax using IRS Schedule SE (Form 1040).
Bitcoin income vs. capital gains
Confusing income tax with capital gains tax is a common way bitcoiners underpay the IRS. These are two completely different taxes with different rates, timing, and forms.
| Bitcoin Income Tax | Bitcoin Capital Gains Tax |
|---|---|
| Taxed when received | Taxed when sold/traded |
| Ordinary rates (10-37%) | Preferential rates (0-20% long-term) |
| Due quarterly | Due with annual return |
| Mining, staking, payments | Selling, trading, spending |
| Schedule 1 or C | Schedule D & Form 8949 |
| No holding period matters | One-year holding = lower rates |
Key differences that impact your tax bill
Two taxes: Income tax on mining rewards today, capital gains when you sell
Rates differ significantly: 37% income tax vs. 15% long-term capital gains
Different forms: Each tax type requires different IRS paperwork
Common misconceptions that trigger audits
"I only owe tax when I sell" – Wrong for mining/staking
"Staking is like dividends" – No, it's ordinary income
"Converting to USDC avoids tax" – That's taxable
"Mining is tax-free until profitable" – Income is taxed regardless
You can estimate your capital gains tax liability with our Bitcoin Tax Calculator.
Frequently asked questions
This guide is for educational purposes only. Bitcoin Well is not responsible for any tax liabilities, penalties, or interest charges resulting from your use of this information. The IRS has not reviewed or endorsed this content. We make no warranties about the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of the tax information provided. Always consult with a qualified CPA, enrolled agent, or tax attorney before making tax decisions.
The information provided represents our understanding of current federal tax rules as they apply to Bitcoin income, including mining rewards, staking income, and payments received in Bitcoin. We are not tax professionals and this content does not constitute tax, legal, or financial advice. Tax laws change frequently and vary by individual circumstances. State and local taxes may apply differently. Self-employment tax obligations and quarterly payment requirements vary based on your specific business structure and income level. Your specific situation may require different treatment than described here.